The Knee Complex Considered as Perceptual Systems

The Knee Complex Considered as Perceptual Systems Wangdo Kim Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia – UTEC, Lima 15063, Perú Corresponding Author: Wangdo Kim, Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia – UTEC, Lima 15063, Perú Received date: 17 June 2021; Accepted date: 24 June 2021; Published date: 30 June 2021 Citation: Kim W. The Knee Complex Considered as Perceptual Systems. J Med Case Rep Case Series 2(6): https://doi.org/10.38207/jmcrcs20210074 Copyright: © 2021 Wangdo Kim. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

For the last 20 years, orthopedic surgeons have been interested in the cruciate ligaments, mechanical and structural stabilizers of the knee joint, and sensory structures. The review [6] indicates that the PCL may serve as a 'mechanical stabilizer' of the knee joint and probably has a significant 'sensory function' that should be considered when dealing with injuries. The posterior cruciate ligament provides 95 % of the restraining force to a posterior tibial displacement is significantly stronger than the other knee ligaments, and sensory nerve endings are located in the tibia and femoral bone insertions.
The ACL is highly susceptible to failure during athletic activities and slip-fall events (Howell 1998). The goal of ACL reconstruction surgery is to rebuild the ligament attachments as closely as possible to the native anatomy in order to restore pre-injury knee function and normal proprioception in the affected knee (Behrend, Giesinger et al.

2017).
The joints are exploratory sense organs, but they are also performative motor organs; that is to say, the equipment for feeling is anatomically the same as the equipment for doing [3]. Considering the importance of the sensory function of the joint structure, it would seem sensible to minimize the sensory damage of the joint whenever operative treatment is necessary (Johansson, Sjölander, et al. 1991).
The knee joint has a wide range of movements that are supported by the surrounding ligaments, tendons, and muscles. Kennedy et al.

Abstract
Proprioception, considered as the obtaining of information about one's own action, does not necessarily depend on proprioceptors. At the knee joint, perceptual systems are active sets of organs designed to reach equilibrium through synergies-the specific mechanoreceptors in the knee predominantly located on the cruciate ligaments. The terminals are of many sorts, not easy to distinguish. There are free nerve endings, the bare branches of the afferent fibers that can spread out, spray, or cluster in basket-like or flower-like arrangements. These are extremely dense. To call them "receptors" may sound strange, but the fact is that the naked peripheral nerve cell is excited by squeezing it, and it is therefore receptive.
Ligaments have significant input to sensation and synergistic activation of muscles. The ligamento-muscular reflex is responsive to mechanical stimulation techniques within the scope of practice for physiotherapy. Utilizing specific manual techniques can have positive effects in attenuating proprioceptive and kinesthetic neurological deficits. The tensegrity's structure is characterized by the cartilage contact elements $´ and $´ while all the other elements are continuous tension 4 5 stability [17].

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The existence of this reflex indicates that the cruciate ligaments have an afferent function, which influences knee dynamics [15].

Researchers basically used the model of isolated ligament injuries [5].
However

The ligamento-muscular reflex
Take the $, the instantaneous knee axis (IKA), from the knee complex, which defines the freedom, and five taut strings forming the knee complex, which is the system of reactions of the constraints.
Decompose the given muscle force into components on these six lines $ i , i = 1,.., 6 . The components $´ are neutralized by the reactions of the constraints and may be discarded, while the remainder must compound into torque on the given system, the IKA. Given muscle forces can, in general, be resolved into two parties-one on a degree of freedom, and the others on a taut string tension in ligaments and cartilage contacts in the knee complex. Therefore, muscular activity elicited by this reflex allows muscles and ligaments to work together in maintaining joint stability.
The ligamento-muscular reflex states this result in a somewhat different manner. Throughout the knee complex run two forces: the one is mechanically operated by the principle of least action, working